ECM与新欧洲爵士


上图:扬·葛柏瑞克(Jan Garbarek)与一支全部由挪威人组成的四重奏录制的专辑《非洲胡椒鸟》,这是1970年曼弗雷德·艾彻(Manfred Eicher)的ECM厂牌发行的第一张唱片。
Long ago, before he achieved relative stardom with his Nordic, somewhat new-agey recreations of medieval music, Jan Garbarek produced a handful of spectacular, robust albums forECMwhere the influence of free jazz, particularly Albert Ayler, was paramount. Afric Pepperbird was his first recording for the then fledgling label and it features his quartet at the height of their powers, embellishing his muscular and imaginative compositions with outstanding, individualistic playing. From the eerie keening of the opening "Scarabee," framed by Jon Christensen's pinpoint delicate drums, to the hard-driving "Beast of Kommodo" with the leaders wailing bass sax to Rypdal's manic explorations on Blow Away Zone, this is one stellar effort. Add to that three drop-dead gorgeous miniatures by the great and undersung bassist Arild Andersen and the title track, one of the most deliriously infectious melodies you'll ever hear. Together with Sart, Tryptikon, and Witchi-Tai-To (as well as a prior recording onFlying Dutchman), this album represents the strongest, most aggressive portion of Garbarek's career, before he succumbed to what became known as theECMaesthetic. Very highly recommended. - Brian Olewnick Tracks 1. Skarabée (Jan Garbarek) 2. Mah-Jong (Arild Andersen) 3. Beast Of Kommodo (Jan Garbarek) 4. Blow Away Zone (Jan Garbarek) 5. MYB (Arild Andersen) 6. Concentus (Arild Andersen) 7. Afric Pepperbird (Jan Garbarek) 8. Blupp (jon Christensen) JAN GARBAREKtenor and bass saxophones, clarinet, flutes, percussion

TERJE RYPDALguitar, bugle ARILD ANDERSENbass, african thumb piano, xylophone JON CHRISTENSENpercussion Recorded September 1970 at Bendiksen Studio, Oslo ECM 1007



20世纪60年代后期,一些美国先锋音乐的领军人物移居到了欧洲,欧洲的音乐人也越来越有信心开创全新的爵士乐风格,脱离正统美式风格的霸权。在这股独立新浪潮中屹立不倒的一个厂牌是由贝斯手曼弗雷德·艾彻1969年在科隆创办的“当代音乐”(ECM)。ECM唱片公司最初与自由爵士运动有联系,20世纪70年代吸引了众多一线美国音乐人为其录音,包括钢琴手基思·贾勒特、奇克·科里亚、颤音琴手加里·伯顿和吉他手帕特·梅思尼。
ECM厂牌所塑造的独特音乐是第一种对于美国爵士发展产生显著影响的欧洲爵士风格。ECM从一开始便结合了自由爵士与爵士摇滚融合风格,虽然起初不被看好,但取得了艺术上的成功。之后,在电子技术盛行的时代,ECM依然鼓励原声录音。更重要的是,起码在欧洲音乐人看来,该厂牌开创性地结合爵士摇滚与民谣,不断呈现新颖的爵士乐,直到下一个世纪。

ECM旗下大胆尝试爵士民谣融合风格的关键人物是挪威萨克斯手扬·葛柏瑞克。他运用萨克斯哀伤悲鸣的曲调,在持久的调式即兴演奏中唤起斯堪的纳维亚风貌的感觉。德国贝斯手埃伯哈德·韦伯(Eberhard Weber)创造了多样且出色的音景,并于20世纪80年代携钢琴手赖纳·布吕宁豪斯(Rainer Brúninghaus),与葛柏瑞克在ECM旗下合作。帕特·梅思尼在ECM旗下(1975—1984)早期的专辑引发了对美国乡村音乐的追忆,也为他之后,探索自由爵士与爵士摇滚打下了基础。

仅仅效仿美国伟大的创新音乐人还不够。他们确实过着全然不同的生活。我认为他们的创新源自布鲁斯,但我们也有属于自己的布鲁斯,就是我们的民谣。我后来发现我们的民谣与美国的布鲁斯有许多相似之处,因为事实上所有的民谣都是相互联系的。我感觉70年代的爵士乐过于杂乱。现在发展为人人都是独奏乐手,肩并肩站在一起演奏,其实完全没有必要。一切都太过复杂。我需要一些纯净的东西。
—— 扬·葛柏瑞克. 1995年发布的访谈内容,庆祝他1993年的唱片《十二个月亮》(TwekeMoons,ECM发行的第500张唱片)